Cold adaptation, which is characterised by decreased sympathetic nervous activation, may improve performance by preserving blood flow (Tyler et al., 2016).
Extended training in cold environments may also alter metabolic responses and thermo-behavioural aspects of exercise (Tyler et al., 2015). Athletes can prepare for competition day by experimenting with different clothing layering combinations to improve thermal comfort while training in these harsh conditions. (Racinais et al.,2017).
Gatterer et al. (2021) make practical recommendations for improving sport performance while minimising adverse health effects in cold environments. They discussed cold adaptation techniques, optimal clothing choices, and nutritional considerations for athletes training and competing in cold weather. Furthermore, they addressed safety measures and training modifications required for athletes, particularly in extreme cold conditions.
Safety and Training Status
Understanding how training affects an individual's ability to compete in conditions where heat production equals heat loss is critical (Racinais et al., 2017). Female and junior athletes were studied, with anthropometry, muscular power, and cardiovascular fitness taken into account (Sawka et al., 2012). Competition protocols should be modified in extreme cold conditions, with a focus on junior and female categories (Racinais et al., 2015).
Nutritional Considerations
According to Cermark and Loon (2013) It is critical to maintain adequate glycogen stores before competing in cold-weather endurance sports. Eating more carbohydrates than usual. Depleting energy stores can reduce performance, whereas maintaining high exercise intensity in cold conditions can increase the risk of hypothermia (Cermak & Loon, 2013).
EIB diagnosis (exercise-induced bronchospasm)
According to Weiler et al. (2016) Exercise-induced bronchospasm (EIB) is common among athletes and can be amplified by exercise in cold temperatures. EIB screening, particularly among young athletes, is crucial for early detection and management. An exercise challenge in dry air is suggested for diagnosing EIB (Weiler et al., 2016).
Reference:
Cold adaptation and enhanced performance in cold environments Gatterer, H. et al., (2021). Practicing Sport in Cold Environments: Practical Recommendations to Improve Sport Performance and Reduce Negative Health Outcomes. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(18), https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189700.
Tyler, C. J. et al., (2015). The effect of cooling prior to and during exercise on exercise performance and capacity in the heat: a meta-analysis. British journal of sports medicine, 49(1), 7–13. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2012-091739
Racinais, S. et al., (2017). Sports and environmental temperature: From warming-up to heating-up. Temperature (Austin, Tex.), 4(3), 227–257.
https://doi.org/10.1080/23328940.2017.1356427
Safety and Training Status
Sawka, M.N., Leon, L.R., Montain, S.J., & Sonna, L.A. (2012). Integrated physiological mechanisms of exercise performance, adaptation, and maladaptation to heat stress. Comprehensive Physiology, 1(4), 1883-1928.
Nutritional Considerations
Cermak, N. M., & van Loon, L. J. (2013). The use of carbohydrates during exercise as an ergogenic aid. Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 43(11), 1139–1155. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-013-0079-0.
EIB Diagnosis (Exercise-Induced Bronchospasm)
Weiler, J. M. et al., (2016). Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction update-2016. The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology, 138(5), 1292–1295.e36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2016.05.029